archduke charles of austria elizabeth i

The Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the following day, and in April 1919 he was formally dethroned by the Austrian Parliament and exiled to Switzerland. Or let me live with some more sweet content, Is not better affected to any house or family in Christendom than to the house of Austria.**. Desc: Maximilian Ernest of Austria, was a German prince member of the House of Habsburg and by birth Archduke of Austria. In 1559 �the Earl of Arundel � was said to have sold his lands and was ready to flee out of the realm with the money, because he could not abide in England if the queen should marry Mr. Pickering, for they were enemies� (Cal. In 1911, he married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma. He was a member of the House of Habsburg. His too familiar care doth make me rue it. Emperor Ferdinand I expected Elizabeth to promise in the proposed marriage treaty that Charles, as her widower, would succeed her if she died childless. However, United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing replied four days later that the Allies were now committed to the causes of the Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs. Elizabeth seemed very interested in Francis and even called him, ‘her little frog’. His parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. Charles' relations with his great-uncle were not intimate, and those with his uncle Franz Ferdinand were not cordial, with the differences between their wives increasing the existing tension between them. On his departure she penned a poem, “On Monsieur’s Departure“: I grieve and dare not show my discontent; In response, Charles agreed to reconvene the Imperial Parliament and allow for the creation of a confederation with each national group exercising self-governance. "[28] His remains except for his heart are still on the island, resting in state in a chapel devoted to the Emperor in the Church of Our Lady of The Hill (Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Monte), in spite of several attempts to move them to the Habsburg Crypt in Vienna. Horthy's action was declared "treasonous" by royalists. For five days she was entertained as any monarch would be, with banquets, masques, and music. Free Background Profile Found - Charles Ii. He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not, he replied, "Well, I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else."[4]:8. ", "I must suffer like this so my people will come together again. Emperor Charles offered peace; he is the only decent man to have appeared in this war, and he was not listened to. At one point it was reported that William had secret visits with the Queen and he had taken up residence at court. *State Paper Office, Royal Letters, vol. "[30] Others have seen Charles as a brave and honourable figure who tried to stop the war in which his Empire was doing so poorly. [...] A king of France, yes a king, would have had pity on our poor, exhausted, bloodlet nation. He was the third son of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary(1503–1547), daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix.In 1559 and again from 1564-1568 there were negotiations for a marriage between Charles and Elizabeth I of England.They dragged on until Queen Elizabeth decided that she would not marry the Archduke… At the time, his great-uncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Archduke Charles, German Erzherzog Karl, (born Sept. 5, 1771, Florence [Italy]—died April 30, 1847, Vienna, Austria), Austrian archduke, field marshal, army reformer, and military theoretician who was one of the few Allied commanders capable of defeating the French generals of the Napoleonic period. Amid the tumult of the First World War, he strove to promote the peace initiative of my Predecessor, Benedict XV. He was a member of the House of Habsburg. From the beginning of his reign, Karl favored the creation of a third Croatian political entity in the Empire, in addition to Austria and Hungary. Should she hereafter like of marriage and alter her mind, she trusts, by God’s favour, to make no choice but of such one as shall be both very honourable and not unlike to her own estate, nor unmeet for these her kingdoms. He was considered one of Napole… Upon the death of Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, the Emperor's brother, Archduke Karl Ludwig, was next in line to the Austro-Hungarian throne. I seem stark mute, but inwardly do prate. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia, from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad.[4]:5. Although it has widely been cited as an "abdication", the word itself was never used in either proclamation. Later in 1921, the Hungarian parliament formally nullified the Pragmatic Sanction, an act that effectively dethroned the Habsburgs. During the next few years, he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. �Eric was prone to sending the Queen letters containing passionate declarations of love, which greatly entertained her.�***. [citation needed] The beatification nevertheless raised controversy over Charles' authorisation of the Austro-Hungarian Army's use of poison gas during World War I. He had sought to improve his reputation by securing a marriage with Queen Elizabeth. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Newspaper clippings about Charles I of Austria, Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, Privilegiertes uniformiertes Grazer Bürgerkorps, Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_I_of_Austria&oldid=1008822572, Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary, Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph, Grand Crosses of the Military Order of St. Henry, Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class, Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class), Grand Crosses of the House Order of the Wendish Crown, Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Your Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty. The rest of the Austrian lands were transformed into a federal union composed of four parts: German, Czech, South Slav, and Ukrainian. Eric ruled as King of Sweden from 1560 until he was eventually deposed in 1568. Elizabeth visited him at Nonsuch Palace in�August 1559. [13][15][16][17] After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the K.u.K. Charles did not leave Madeira. The negotiations dragged on until Queen Elizabeth de… He commanded a brigade at the Battle of Jemappes (1792), and in the campaign of 1793 distinguished hi… The Earl of Arundel was said to be jealous of William, as his rival suitor, and challenged the 2nd Earl of Bedford to a duel for having spoken ill of him. His heart and the heart of his wife are entombed in Muri Abbey, Switzerland. His father, Emperor Ferdinand I expected Elizabeth to be okay with Charles of Austria to rule England if she died childless. On the same day, the Imperial Family left Schönbrunn Palace and moved to Castle Eckartsau, east of Vienna. ", Edward P. Keleher, "Emperor Karl and the Sixtus Affair: Politico-Nationalist Repercussions in the Reich German and Austro-German Camps, and the Disintegration of Habsburg Austria, 1916-1918. In 1559 and again from 1564–1568 there were negotiations for a marriage between Charles and Elizabeth I of England. He was a prominent Lord during the reign of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. (Croatian) Coronation oath of Karl IV to Croatian Sabor (parliament), 28 December 1916. His last words to his wife were "I love you so much. Archduke Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive (Thronfolger) to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896, after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). Free Public Reputation Profile - For Ferdinand CharlesFerdinand Charles Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore, the Italian winter residence of Zita's parents, and asked for her hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. He commanded a brigad… [citation needed], The cause or campaign for his canonization began in 1949. He was a member of the House of Habsburg. For decades after 1945, both popular interest and academic interest practically disappeared. http://www.elizabethfiles.com/ Charles' political future became uncertain. Do not try to tell me that there was no way to end it. Charles II Franz of Austria (June 3, 1540 – July 10, 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola, Carinthia and Gorizia) from 1564. In 1579, Jean de Simier arrived in England (on 6 January) to negotiate a marriage between Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Anjou. This led to Czernin's resignation, forcing Austria-Hungary into an even more dependent position with respect to its seemingly wronged German ally.[7]. Charles II, Archduke of Austria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charles II Francis of Austria (German: Karl II. He employed his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, an officer in the Belgian Army, as intermediary. Instead, on 12 November, the day after he issued his proclamation, the independent Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed, followed by the proclamation of the First Hungarian Republic on 16 November. Despite her exceptional beauty, intelligence, and kindness she led an unhappy domestic life, which was marred, moreover, by family tragedies (notably the death of her only son, Archduke Rudolf Rudolf, He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on, he lived in Vienna and Reichenau an der Rax. "[20] He also released his officials from their oath of loyalty to him. ", "I have done my duty, as I came here to do. At this time Dudley’s wife had died a year earlier and Dudley was free to marry again. On 13 November, following a visit with Hungarian magnates, Charles issued a similar proclamation—the Eckartsau Proclamation—for Hungary. [5]:16 Zita later recalled: We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends. Elizabeth, 1837–98, empress of Austria and queen of Hungary. Negotiations lasted many years as Elizabeth played suitors off against each other and tried to keep everyone happy. The Duke of Anjou had courted Elizabeth of 1578-1581 without success. (sa grbom Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slavonije i Rijeke iznad teksta), str. In 1559, and again from 1564�1568, there were negotiations for a marriage between Charles and Queen Elizabeth. He spent his early years wherever his father's regiment happened to be stationed; later on he lived in Vienna and Reichena… Pope John Paul II declared Charles "Blessed" in a beatification ceremony in St. Peter's Square on 3 October 2004. Get notified! [5]:19 Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. On 1 November 1921 they were taken to the Hungarian Danube harbour city of Baja, were taken on board the monitor HMS Glowworm, and there removed to the Black Sea where they were transferred to the light cruiser HMS Cardiff. The son of Archduke Otto of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Charles became heir presumptive of Emperor Franz Joseph after his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914. In this article we touch base on some, if not most, of the men who were considered a marriage prospect for Queen Elizabeth. A "devout Baptist" from Florida was allegedly cured after several recent converts to Roman Catholicism in Louisiana prayed for Charles' intercession. Ser. Alison Weir in �Elizabeth the Queen�: �She [Elizabeth] had acknowledged that the Archduke was the best foreign match for her, but she waxed alternately hot and cold over the matter.�, Thanks for his good will and the offer of his son in marriage. As the imperial train left Austria on 24 March, Charles issued another proclamation in which he confirmed his claim of sovereignty, declaring that, "whatever the national assembly of German Austria has resolved with respect to these matters since 11 November is null and void for me and my House."[23]. His last Austrian prime minister, Heinrich Lammasch, advised him that he was in an impossible situation, and his best course was to temporarily give up his right to exercise sovereign power. His parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. For these reasons, Charles, up to the time of the assassination of his uncle in 1914, obtained no insight into affairs of state, but led the life of a prince not destined for a high political position. Archduke Charles was reared a devout Catholic. A Bavarian princess, she was married (1854) to her cousin, Emperor Francis Joseph. The problem with this marriage stemmed with Elizabeth’s legitimacy and her faith. [4]:5 Due to Franz Ferdinand's morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession. Narodne novine, br. The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marry Countess Sophie Chotek . http://madmonarchs.guusbeltman.nl/madmonarchs/eric14/eric14_bio.htm relacionado con: Charles II, Archduke of Austria. In the eyes of the Catholic church Elizabeth was illegitimate since�the Pope did not recognize the divorce of Katherine of Aragon and her father, Henry VIII – thus the marriage of her mother Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII was invalid and she was illegitimate. On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament) ended the union and all ties with Hungary and Austria, proclaimed the unification of all Croatian lands and entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. He was known to entertain lavishly and showed great�tastes. Charles was born in Florence, Tuscany. ", Military Cross for the 60th year of the reign of Franz Joseph, Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of, Hopwood, Robert F. "The Conflict between Count Czernin and Emperor Charles in 1918. However democracy is without a heart and without entrails. In 1954, the cause was opened and Charles was declared "servant of God", the first step in the process. Queen Elizabeth’s Marriage Prospects. However, Henry�would hear nothing of it. Eric gave up in 1560 when he had to return to Sweden, from a trip to England, because his father had died. would laugh at him and at all the rest of them as he knew she meant to die a maid, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/foreign/vol1/pp337-346, http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/suitors_of_queen_elizabeth.htm, http://madmonarchs.guusbeltman.nl/madmonarchs/eric14/eric14_bio.htm, http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/suitors-of-queen-elizabeth-i.htm, http://history.hanover.edu/hhr/94/hhr94_2.html, http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/elizabeth-i-marriage-and-succession, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-I, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elizabethan-love-story-portrait-of-a-royal-quest-for-a-husband-398476.html, Book Review: Henry VIII in 100 Object – The Tyrant King Who Had Six Wives, 1520: A Tudor Year in Review (Guest Post). 337-346 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/foreign/vol1/pp337-346 [accessed 9 December 2015]. 187, 23. Or be more cruel, Love, and so be kind. Attention has slowly returned.[29]. [citation needed] On 21 December 2003, the Congregation certified, on the basis of three expert medical opinions, that a miracle in 1960 occurred through the intercession of Charles. I do, yet dare not say I ever meant; On the other-hand, we here at Tudors Dynasty feel that Elizabeth came to the conclusion well before becoming queen that she would not wed – especially when she saw what it did to her sister Mary’s reign. Charles thus prepared the ground for the next, more aggressive phase of the Counter Reformation in Inner Austria that was to be associated with the name of his son Ferdinand. On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years. Charles spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy. Most believe that the only man Queen Elizabeth would have trusted enough to wed was Robert Dudley. [3], Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916 after the death of his grand-uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph. (with coat of arms of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia and Rijeka above the text), pp. There was, through him, a chance that could have been seized... Clemenceau called the emperor a "rotten conscience," it's ignoble. 1559�1560, p. 2). He was the son of Archduke Charles II of Austria, in turn son of … As part of his Fourteen Points, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded that the Empire allow for autonomy and self-determination of its peoples. Critics suggest that Horthy's actions were more firmly grounded in political reality than those of Charles and his supporters. As a child, Charles was reared a devout Roman Catholic. 302–303. I must uphold the right, the dignity and honor of the Crown.... For me, this is not something light. Many … For Queen Elizabeth to find a husband seemed critical to those in her council. Let me or float or sink, be high or low; What is abominable is that they do not want to end it. married (1949) Prince Heinrich Karl Vincenz, "Now, we must help each other to get to Heaven. The biggest factor for Elizabeth was that she did not want a foreign ruler, nor any man to rule her kingdom over herself. The English Neo-Jacobite writer, Herbert Vivian, wrote: Karl was a great leader, a Prince of peace, who wanted to save the world from a year of war; a statesman with ideas to save his people from the complicated problems of his Empire; a King who loved his people, a fearless man, a noble soul, distinguished, a saint from whose grave blessings come.[31]. Emperor Charles sincerely wanted peace, and therefore was despised by the whole world. Charles was born in Florence, Tuscany. Jesus! At the time, his great uncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was wracked by inner turmoil in the final years of the war, with much tension between ethnic groups. Eric was born�13 December 1533, to�Gustav I of Sweden and his wife�Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg at Tre Kronor castle in Stockholm, Sweden. Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it, Seven more children followed in the next decade. State Papers, For. [citation needed], On 31 January 2008, after a 16-month investigation, a Church tribunal recognized a second miracle attributed to Charles I. In addition to those objections he wanted to steer clear of the drama regarding Elizabeth and Robert Dudley’s “affair”. Elizabeth formally declared her rejection of his suit on 8 December 1560. [18] The curiosity is that no act of Sabor dethroned King Karl IV, nor did it acknowledge the entering in a state union with Serbia, which is today mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of Croatia.[19]. Hrvatski Državni Arhiv./ENG. ), and the last monarch belonging to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine before the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. Beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2004, Charles is known to the Catholic Church as Blessed Karl of Austria.[2]. The Lansing note effectively ended any efforts to keep the Empire together. Paul von Hindenburg, the German commander in chief, commented in his memoirs: He tried to compensate for the evaporation of the ethical power which emperor Franz Joseph had represented by offering völkisch reconciliation. Was Elizabeth deciding if a marriage with Henry was suitable? Tag: Archduke Charles of Austria. On 9 March 1922 he had caught a cold in town, which developed into bronchitis and subsequently progressed to severe pneumonia. He was determined to wed Elizabeth. Sir William Pickering was born in 1516, and was an English courtier and diplomat (ambassador). Since from myself another self I turned. Despite being epileptic, Charles achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of the Austrian army. They have considered that his brief rule expressed Catholic social teaching, and that he created a social legal framework that in part still survives. As with many of her suitors religious beliefs were an issue with the Catholic Archduke. Anuncios relacionados con: Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria. [34], On 14 April 2003, the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in the presence of Pope John Paul II, promulgated Charles of Austria's "heroic virtues". Life. S. Matković, "Tko je bio Ivo Frank? VIIII p. 228 Unfortunately the opposition of some of her Councillors and concerns from her subjects over a french takeover led her to end the courtship – she would have no more suitors. He was recorded as telling ambassadors that the Queen (Elizabeth) �would laugh at him and at all the rest of them as he knew she meant to die a maid�. Nothing remained of Charles' realm except the predominantly German-speaking Danubian and Alpine provinces, and he was challenged even there by the German Austrian State Council. As we know, Mary was Queen of England from 1553 – 1558. Charles Stephen was born in Židlochovice the son of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria (son of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen; 1818–1874) and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (1831–1903). Archduke Charles of Austria In 1567, Elizabeth began to consider Archduke Charles of Austria, son of the Emperor Ferdinand. Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence. Determined to prevent a third restoration attempt, the Council of Allied Powers had agreed on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic Ocean and easily guarded. He made secret attempts to negotiate Austria-Hungary's exit from the First World War but was unsuccessful. On 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the whole army, succeeding Archduke Friedrich. [4]:8 Charles and Zita were married at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the eastern front as commander of an army operating against the Russians and Romanians. Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore, the Italian winter residence of Zita's parents, and asked for her hand; on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. The Poles were granted full independence with the purpose of joining their ethnic brethren in Russia and Germany in a Polish state. In fact, a Czechoslovak provisional government had joined the Allies 14 October, and the South Slav national council declared an independent South Slav state 29 October 1918. Archduke Charles II Franz of Austria A native of Vienna, he was the third son of Ferdinand… Unfortunately, that union would not happen for Elizabeth. Franz von Innerösterreich) (3 June 1540 – 10 July 1590) was an Archduke of Austria and ruler of Inner Austria (Styria, Carniola and Carinthia) from 1564. Charles was exiled for a second time to the Portuguese island of Madeira, where he soon fell ill and died of respiratory failure in 1922. Privately, Charles left no doubt that he believed himself to be the rightful emperor. Charles II Francis of Austria (German: Karl II. Franz Joseph, Archduke of Austria-Teschen b. In the interwar years he was celebrated in Austria as a military hero. Dudley was married to Amy Robsart at the time and the only way to wed Queen Elizabeth is if Amy was not in the picture – well, we know what happened there. Stands, and lies by me, doth what I have done; **’Elizabeth: June 1559, 26-30′, in Calendar of State Papers Foreign, Elizabeth, Volume 1, 1558-1559, ed. When news of the overture leaked in April 1918, Charles denied involvement until French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau published letters signed by him. Charles spent his youth in Tuscany, at Vienna and in the Austrian Netherlands, where he began his career of military service in the wars of the French Revolution. Charles became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, the event which precipitated World War I. �If not, see our article that explains more: Why Queen Elizabeth I Never Married. �Apparently�in 1561, this news led to a fight between himself and Robert Dudley. The Pope also declared 21 October, the date of Charles' marriage in 1911 to Princess Zita, to be Charles' feast day. The city was named after its founder, Charles II, Archduke of Austria. Charles was born on 17 August 1887, in the Castle of Persenbeug, in Lower Austria. Francis was the son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici, born in 1555. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Free shipping for many products! "Karl I" redirects here. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elizabethan-love-story-portrait-of-a-royal-quest-for-a-husband-398476.html. He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly, however, and became even more keen when, in the autumn of 1910, rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative, Jaime, Duke of Madrid. No means I find to rid him from my breast, [4] : 8 Charles and Zita were married at the Bourbon-Parma castle of Schwarzau in Austria on 21 October 1911. As with all of her other suitors Elizabeth dragged out the negotiations – most likely knowing all along that she would not agree to marry. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919. For other uses, see, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary as Charles IV, Charles I of Austria with the habit of the. She visited Nonsuch and Henry many times after. Compared to the imperial glory in Vienna and even at Eckartsau, conditions there were certainly impoverished.[27]. Helmut Rumpler, the head of the Habsburg commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, described Charles as "a dilettante, far too weak for the challenges facing him, out of his depth, and not really a politician. His father, then Grand Duke of Tuscany, generously permitted Charles's childless aunt Archduchess Marie Christine of Austria and her husband Albert of Saxe-Teschen to adopt and raise the boy in Vienna. Spanish Armada. Historians have been mixed in their evaluations of Charles and his reign. Till by the end of things it be suppressed. Elizabeth, we believe, would not have married a Catholic. Facebook no longer shows our posts to a majority of our followers - Don't want to miss out on new articles? On the conclusion of his studies at the gymnasium, he entered the army, spending the years from 1906 to 1908 as an officer chiefly in Prague, where he studied Law and Political Science concurrently with his military duties. Anuncios relacionados con: Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria. For Queen Elizabeth to find a husband seemed critical to those in her council. Corps, whose affections the heir-presumptive to the throne won by his affability and friendliness.

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