why did the cold war happen

Tensions increased in the aftermath of World War II when the United States dropped the atom bomb and Russian forces took over Eastern Europe. In November 1973, it passed a War Powers Resolution requiring the president to inform Congress within forty-eight hours of any overseas deployment of U.S. forces and to bring the troops home within sixty days unless Congress expressly approved the president’s action.It is possible, although doubtful, that Nixon and Kissinger might have come up with a scheme to extend aid to the beleaguered South Vietnamese, but the Watergate scandal engulfed the Nixon White House, ending the reign of the Nixon Doctrine. An edition of Why did the Cold War happen? This left the president without a nation to rule. He negotiated a treaty turning over the Panama Canal to Panamanian control by the end of the century. More than two hundred thousand Hungarians fled the country, many of them to America.Conservatives charged that the Eisenhower administration, after encouraging resistance if not revolution, failed to help the Hungarian freedom fighters. (Moments in History) by Paul Harrison. Gorbachev reminded the Council of Europe in July that he rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine: “Any interference in domestic affairs and any attempts to restrict the sovereignty of states, both friend and allies or any others, are inadmissible.”In October hundreds of thousands of people began demonstrating every Monday evening in East Germany, leading to the forced resignation of Communist Party boss Erich Honecker, who had boasted in January that the Berlin Wall would stand for another hundred years. When he learned that the missiles were being packed up, Castro let loose with a tirade of cursing at Krushchev’s betrayal. Try to make a Polish joke out of that.”1All these policy positions formed a main theme of Reagan’s 1980 presidential campaign: real peace would come through the military strength of the West along with its political and economic freedom. President Bush quickly sought to make Yeltsin an ally, beginning with the coalition he formed to conduct the Gulf War.Gorbachev’s Role in the Fall of the Soviet UnionA despondent Gorbachev, not quite sure why it had all happened so quickly, officially resigned as president of the Soviet Union on Christmas Day 1991—seventy-four years after the Bolshevik Revolution. Where does it allow for the ‘free will to be executed’, you may ask? He referred to “the mad militarization” that had crippled “our economy, public attitudes and morals” but accepted no blame for himself or the generals who had spent up to 40 percent of the Soviet budget on the military. The Cold War was 'fought' in the aftermath of World War Two, from the collapse of the wartime alliance between the Anglo-American led Allies and the USSR to the collapse of the USSR itself, with the most common dates for these identified as 1945 to 1991. The USSR, also, went to war because of the Cold War. JF Kennedy was assassinated while on a visit to Dallas. All of this made Kennedy look weak and inexperienced. and how were the U.S. and the Soviet Union different? Castro continued to be a thorn in the side of the United States. But these particular ships were part of a larger military endeavor that would bring the two powers to the most frightening standoff of the Cold War.Sailing under false manifest, these cargo ships were secretly bringing Soviet-made, medium range ballistic missiles to be deployed in Cuba. There were multiple reasons as to why the Cold War began. LeMay saw the plan was destined to fail, and he wanted to express his concern to Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. He forged a close friendship with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and sought the support of other Western European leaders, particularly Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany.Unlike the foreign policy realists who viewed all regimes through the same lens, Reagan placed regime differences at the heart of his understanding of the Cold War. He argued that having resolved the problem of military defense, the free world “could undertake what has been too long delayed—a political offensive.”Eisenhower rejected liberation as too aggressive and the policy of containment as he understood it as too passive, selecting instead deterrence, with an emphasis on air and sea power. Great Britain’s withdrawal from the international stage had left a political vacuum, and the United States moved to fill it, not for narrow commercial or territorial reasons, but to protect freedom, independent states, and allies in a crucial area of the world.THE PRAGMATIC ROOTS OF THE TRUMAN DOCTRINEOn February 26, Secretary of State George Marshall and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson brought their recommendations to President Truman. All rights reserved. . . One of his first steps following the debacle was to replace the CIA director, Allen Dulles, with John McCone. North Korea remained affiliated with Russia while South Korea was affiliated with the USA. The Cubans did not rise up against Castro, and the small, CIA-trained army was quickly defeated by Castro’s forces. Reagan noted the pope’s language—“Do not be afraid!”—and the size of the crowds at the masses that he celebrated in Krakow, Warsaw, and other Polish cities. Gorbachev arrived in a somber mood, conscious that his country’s economy was nearing free fall and nationalist pressures were splitting the Soviet Union. For Truman, a commitment to justice was the overriding principle. The only tangible result was that in August 1973 an angry Congress cut off the funds for such bombing. Still, there was some criticism of Eisenhower’s foreign policy, particularly the U.S. response to the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956.On October 22, 1956, five thousand students crammed into a hall in Budapest and approved a manifesto that, among other things, called for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary, free elections, freedom of association, and economic reform. To begin with, there was a civilian in the room who pushed aside a curtain to reveal landing areas for a military engagement on the coast of Cuba. Before the Cold War, the USSR and the USA worked together as members of the Grand Alliance. China 3. But how did two countries that used to fight on the same side end up a couple of years later as mortal enemies in a Cold War of distrust that prevailed for years to come?Possible Causes for the Cold WarAlthough The U.S. and Soviet Union were allies during WWII, there were many tensions early on and once the common threat of Germany and Japan were removed, it was only a matter of time for the shaky relationship to fall apart. The French, USA and UK partitions of Germany were merged to form West Germany. [is] not looking the question squarely in the face.”The common thread running through all the elements of the Eisenhower strategy—nuclear deterrence, alliances, psychological warfare, covert action, and negotiations—was a relatively low cost and an emphasis on retaining the initiative. Two terms as a Republican governor of California confirmed his conservative, pro-freedom political views.Reagan considered communism to be a disease and regarded the Soviet government as illegitimate. The Warsaw Pact which allied Communist countries was ended, The Strategic Arms Reduction treaty was signed between Russia and the USA, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned. As the political scientist Michael Kort points out, the admission made the United States look like “a weak and helpless giant as the Iranians mistreated the hostages and taunted the president.” A failed rescue attempt in April 1980 only made the United States and the president look weaker. Moscow had also manipulated the Polish elections to eliminate Stanisław Mikołajczyk and his Polish Peasant Party, with the help of a hundred thousand Polish security police agents, modeled on the Soviet NKVD.Because the Red Army did not occupy either Greece or Turkey, Truman saw an opportunity to encourage liberty in the two countries by strengthening domestic conditions and preventing Soviet intervention on behalf of the local communists. Possible ex library copy, that’ll have the markings and stickers associated from the library. The new president, Gerald R. Ford, asked Congress for emergency assistance to “allies fighting for their lives.” An obdurate Congress declined. US Apollo 11 landed on the Moon and Neil Armstrong became the first man on the Moon. Other countries including Great Britain participated under the Olympic flag rather than their national flag, Martial law was declared to crush the Solidarity movement, The Iranian hostage crisis ended 444 days after it began, During a summit in Geneva Reagan proposed Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. “First, during his own military service, he found that military brass was not as wise and efficient as the brass on their uniform indicated . The international situation, he said, was at a critical juncture. There were four main reasons that détente took place: 1. The process of détente in the 1970s ensured that, for a time at least, tensions were reduced between the USA and USSR. Along with eight thousand other political prisoners, Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty was released from the prison in which he had been kept in solitary confinement. The Paris Peace Accords ended American involvement in Vietnam. Had Truman gauged capabilities with no reference to ideology and intentions, he might have given way to the Soviets in Berlin rather than ordering the airlift.The primary Soviet weakness identified by NSC-68 is the nature of its relationship with the peoples of the USSR. But the president spent much of his speech on what he really thought was important: making his kind of realism the basis for American foreign policy in general and Cold War policy in particular. . “He went on cursing, beating even his own record for curses,” recalled his journalist friend, Carlos Franqui.There was also a feeling of letdown among the Joint Chiefs. Why Getting Vaccinated Doesn't Mean You Should Toss Out the Mask — Yet. How Did the VW Beetle Become an Emblem of the '60s? Although Kennedy was not averse to removing the missiles from Turkey, he did not want to be seen to giving in to Kruschev’s demands. The exiles would land in Cuba with the aid of old World War II bombers with Cuban markings and try to instigate a counterrevolution. Suddenly there was movement among the multitude of young people before him. The following day a US spy plane was shot down  over Cuba and EXCOMM received a second letter from Kruschev stating that the missiles would be removed from Cuba if America removed nuclear weapons from Turkey. The Cold War could have been avoided but it happened anyway. A number of geopolitical factors that emerged in the wake of the Second World War, pitting Russia against the U.S. World War II ended with the Soviet Union and United States as allies that triumphed over Nazi Germany. The pivotal year of 1989 was later dubbed the Year of Miracles.In April, Solidarity and the Polish government agreed to the first open elections since World War II. Limited, half-hearted endeavors are doomed.The Bay of Pigs invasion turned out to be a disaster for the Kennedy administration. Barely three weeks after the Bush-Gorbachev summit in Moscow, the head of the KGB, the Soviet defense and interior ministers, and other hard-liners—the so-called “Gang of Eight”—launched a coup. He was ignored. . During the Cold War, the decision was delegated to military commanders. More than four decades later, Kennedy’s blockade and negotiated settlement stand as the best-case scenario. The Cold War did involve quite a lot of actual war, from Korea to Afghanistan, as the world’s two superpowers, the United States and the U.S.S.R., sought ideological and strategic influence throughout the world. Bartlett remembered Kennedy driving golf balls far into a distant field with unusual anger and frustration, saying over and over, “I can’t believe they talked me into this.” The entire episode undermined the administration and set the stage for a difficult summit meeting between Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev two months later. In 1972, the president abolished the draft, eliminating a primary issue of the anti-war protestors. He was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. LeMay did not see any military advantage for the U.S. to sign such a treaty. He asked how many troops would be involved in the landing. This meeting between Mikhail Gorbachov and George H W Bush reversed much of the provisions of the Yalta Conference 1945. Like Truman, he believed Soviet foreign policy to be offensive by its very nature, and he saw the world as engaged in an ideological struggle between communism and liberal democracy. The Cold War was a long period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. What kind of government a people chooses is decisive in both domestic and international politics. I am sorry while as a Canadian it would be nice to think of France as an incident, it was not. In response to your question, the Cold War wasn’t a war that was directly and physically fought. When Gorbachev returned to Moscow, he found that Boris Yeltsin was in charge. . © HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. Nixon tried to exploit the open differences between the Soviet Union and Communist China, reflected in the armed clashes in March 1969 along the Sino-Soviet border. Carter Foreign Policy of the 1970sThe Carter Foreign Policy has been summarized by some analysts as good intentions gone wrong. But he allowed Dulles to convey an impression of “deterrence plus.” In January 1954, for example, Dulles proposed a new American policy—“a maximum deterrent at a bearable cost,” in which “local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power.” The best way to deter aggression, Dulles said, is for “the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of its own choosing.”As the defense analysts James Jay Carafano and Paul Rosenzweig have observed, Eisenhower built his Cold War foreign policy, largely based on the policy of containment, on four pillars: The Eisenhower-Dulles New Look was not, as some have charged, a policy with only two options—the use of local forces or nuclear threats. “Cold War” soon gained popularity due to famed journalist Walter Lippmann, who explored its meaning as the world quickly chose sides in an ideological fight … Shipping between Cuba and the USSR was not unusual since Cuba had quickly become a Soviet client state. In 1945, the "big three", Winston Churchill (U.K Prime Minister), Harry Truman (American President) and Joseph Stalin (U.S.S.R President), met at a conference in the city of Yalta, Crimea. Understanding what was at stake, Acheson intervened with a dire warning that the Soviets were playing “one of the greatest gambles in history.” The United States alone was in a position “to break up the play.”Silence ensued, broken at last by a solemn Senator Arthur Vandenberg, the Republicans’ foreign policy leader, who said, “Mr. The United States would honor existing treaty commitments; It would provide a nuclear shield to any ally or nation vital to U.S. security; It would furnish military and economic assistance but not manpower to a nation considered important but not vital to the national interest. Here he saw the opposite—inexperienced people coming in absolutely sure of themselves and ultimately making the wrong decisions with terrible consequences. Food was brought to Western Berliners by US and UK airplanes, an exercise known as the Berlin Airlift. In 1962 Russian missiles were inferior to American missiles and had a limited range. Bush tried to help, granting most-favored-nation trading status to the Soviet Union. The Soviet republics of Ukraine and Georgia declared their independence. Between April 1975 and the beginning of 1977, the Marxist-Leninists ruling Cambodia killed an estimated 1.5 million people, one-fifth of the population. They also did not trust the Russians to stand by their promise to dismantle and take home all the missiles. Campaigning for the presidency in the fall of 1968, Nixon said that the United States should “seek a negotiated end to the war” in Vietnam while insisting that “the right of self-determination of the South Vietnamese people” had to be respected by all nations, including North Vietnam. Throughout the 1950s, with the megaton load of nuclear bombs growing, nuclear fallout from tests had become a health hazard, and by the 1960s, it was enough to worry scientists. Between 1946 and 1950, he reached three conclusions regarding global politics: President Truman and his administration proceeded to build on this political foundation. Weird. . . Answer: The Cold War begin because of political disagreements around the world so countries decided to have war over it. Spine creases, wear to binding and pages from reading. But that impression may have come from his demeanor, his candor, and perhaps his facial expressions, since he was not the most belligerent of the Chiefs. After taking control of the country in 1985, he set about reforming governmental policies. The Vietnam War 2. The Bay of Pigs InvasionIn March, just two months into the Kennedy administration, Air Force Chief Curtis LeMay was called into a meeting at the Pentagon with the Joint Chiefs. As a preliminary, of course, we have to induce the Soviets to agree to some form of inspection, in order that both sides may be confident that treaties are being executed faithfully. Here the world leaders decided how to de-Nazify Germany, but they had to come to a reasonably fair arrangement. . The Soviet Union is inescapably a military threat because “it possesses and is possessed by a world-wide revolutionary movement, because it is the inheritor of Russian imperialism, and because it is a totalitarian dictatorship.” Communist doctrine “dictates the employment of violence, subversion and deceit, and rejects moral considerations.”. The dismantling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is often viewed as the symbolic end of the Cold War. Additionally the second letter which was much more demanding and aggressive in tone did not offer a solution to end the conflict.Attorney General, Robert Kennedy suggested that the best solution was for the second letter be ignored and that the US reply to Kruschev accepting the terms of the first letter. Against the backdrop of postwar domestic needs and wants, he had to educate the American people and persuade congressional leaders that decisive U.S. engagement in a new world struggle was necessary. “It’s completely unacceptable . Discussions of the Cold War tend to center on international and political history and those are very important, which is why we’ve talked about them in the past. . May contain limited notes, underlining or highlighting that does affect the text. It also exacerbated the administration’s rocky relationship with the Joint Chiefs, who felt the military was unfairly blamed for the fiasco in Cuba.This was not quite true. It turned out to be “Vietnamization,” the turning over of the ground fighting to South Vietnamese forces, backed by U.S. air power. Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam an independent republic. It is seen by some as the beginning of the end of the cold war. It was simply a marriage of convenience as the capitalists and communists had only one aim which was to stop Hitler. The men were either killed or taken prisoner. GOOD. They underestimated the willingness of Deng Xiaoping and other communist leaders to use maximum force to eliminate any threat to their political control. North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam. The Reagan administration directed the CIA to form an antiSandinista movement—the Contras—and asked Congress to approve funds for them.Reagan never contemplated sending U.S. troops to Nicaragua. Now Yeltsin proclaimed its end by climbing onto a tank outside the Parliament and declaring that the coup was “unconstitutional.” He urged all Russians to follow the law of the legitimate government of Russia. Then on April 16 he stood in for White—again out of town—at another meeting. with even just a few nuclear weapons getting through . The fourth section of NSC-68 contrasts the idea of freedom under a government of laws with the idea of slavery under a despotic government. . Gareth Stevens Pub Secondary Lib. WHY DID THE WAR HAPPEN? Kennedy, in particular, was pushing for a ban and was optimistic about succeeding.It never happened. But unlike Truman, he sought in the circumstances of the 1980s not merely to contain the USSR but to defeat it.Reagan had endorsed the strategy and insights of NSC 68 shortly after that key document of the Truman administration was declassified and published in 1975, devoting several of his radio commentaries to it. BACK; NEXT ; When Warm Fuzzy Feelings Turn Cold. LeMay used the more derogatory term “Whiz Kids.” These were people who had either no military experience on the ground whatsoever or, at the most, two or three years in lower ranks.In LeMay’s mind, this limited background could never match the combined experience that the Joint Chiefs brought to the table. He and Kissinger initiated secret negotiations with China that resulted in Nixon’s historic visit in February 1972. The first major cause of the Cold War was the increased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. Truman wrote in his memoirs, “The ideals and the traditions of our nation demanded that we come to the aid of Greece and Turkey and that we put the world on notice that it would be our policy to support the cause of freedom wherever it was threatened.”Central to the development of the Truman Doctrine was the president’s February 27 session with congressional leaders. Thousands did.In June 1989, the Polish Solidarity movement won an overwhelming victory over their communist opponents in the Soviet bloc’s first free elections in forty years. The Warsaw Pact ensured that most European nations were aligned in one of two opposing camps and formalized the political divide in Europe that became prevalent World War II.The Warsaw pact was only signed 6 years after the NATO alliance was made. Carter thought that most of the world’s problems flowed from the often antagonistic relationship between the developed North and the undeveloped South—often called the Third World. It went back to the LeMay doctrine—hitting an enemy with everything you had at your disposal if you have already come to the conclusion that a military engagement is your only option. Main factor: Ideological Confict blah blah.. book research expert to summarise. Most steps do not go right and a great deal of padding must be built in to compensate for those unforeseen problems. The Soviets had the home-field advantage, and an American defeat would have been a serious strategic defeat not only in Europe but around the world. “These young people of Poland,” Reagan said, “had been born and raised and spent their entire lives under communist atheism. Stalin wanted to see Communism expand as long as he did not get involved in a ‘hot war’ with America. President Johnson and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara had been guilty of making egregiously false claims about gains and losses in Vietnam.When North Vietnam continued to use Cambodia as a staging ground for forays into South Vietnam, Nixon approved a Cambodian incursion in May 1970 by U.S. and Vietnamese troops.

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